![]() ![]() the header proves eligible block leadership, etc., the block body is downloaded by Peer 1 (white b-box), again occupying both nodes’ network links. Peer 1 then validates the header (involving local computation during the time span indicated by the gray hv-box). The block producer sends their new block header to Peer 1 (white h-box), occupying both nodes’ network links during the time span indicated by the white h-box. Block network diffusion and validation within the Δp=5s budgetĬonsider the above Figure 1 depicting in a simplified way, how block propagation works in the network. Now, how much data can be transported by a block under these conditions? To see this, we need to examine in more detail what exactly has to be achieved within Δp.įigure 1. In Cardano, we have Δp=5s (seconds) and Δb=20s. Thus, Δb is chosen to be somewhat larger than Δp. In typical protocols, to argue consistency for consensus, the propagation of a prior block must finish before the next block is generated-at least most of the time. Δb, the (expected) time between the generation of two new blocks. ![]() Δp, the maximal network delay for a new block to reach (e.g.) 95% of the network, and.Ledger consensus protocols are characterized by two time parameters: To understand why, we need to take a closer look at how ledger consensus works in general: To achieve high throughput without compromising the security of the system, additional measures are required. However, there is a limit on how large a block can be securely maintained by a ledger-consensus protocol if the block production rate is to be kept at the current level. Block size has already been increased by 25% this year-from 64kB to its current 80kB, and we anticipate further increases. To keep up with this elevated demand, the system’s current transaction throughput must be increased.Īn obvious approach to increase transaction throughput is to increase the block-size limit to fit more transactions per block. With the first decentralized-finance (DeFi) applications now deployed on the Cardano ecosystem, and more on the way, we expect this trend to continue. ![]() Simultaneously, average transaction sizes grew due to code-carrying script transactions. The recent enabling of smart contracts on Cardano has led to a significant increase in user activity. ![]()
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